Now /prog/ is not only dead but became a retarded, aids-riddled furry zombie
Name:
Anonymous2011-02-26 5:40
first
Name:
Anonymous2011-02-26 5:49
Opiate
In medicine, the term opiate describes any of the narcotic opioid alkaloids found as natural products in the opium poppy plant, as well as many semisynthetic chemical derivatives of such alkaloids.
Overview
Opiates are so named because they are constituents or derivatives of constituents found in opium, which is processed from the latex sap of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. The major biologically active opiates found in opium are morphine, codeine, papaverine and to a lesser extend thebaine, which is not narcotic. Semi-synthetic opioids such as hydromorphone, oxycodone, and hydrocodone are derived from these substances, especially morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Noscapine, along with approximately 25 other alkaloids, are also present in opium, but have little to no effect on the human central nervous system, and are not usually considered to be opiates.
Opiates belong to the large biosynthetic group of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids.
The full synthesis of opiates from naphthoquinone (Gates synthesis) or from other simple organic starting materials is tedious and not economical. Thus, most of the opiate-type analgesics in use today are extracted from Papaver somniferum or semi-synthesized from thebaine.
Terminology
In the traditional sense, opiate has referred to only the alkaloids in opium and the natural and semi-synthetic derivatives of opium. The term is often incorrectly used to refer to all drugs with opium- or morphine-like pharmacological action, which are more properly classified under the broader terms opioid.
The alkaloids
Morphine
Morphine is by far the most prevalent alkaloid in opium, making up anywhere from 10% to 16% of the total mass, and is responsible for many of its potentially harmful effects, such as pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, coma, cardiac and/or respiratory failure, with a normal lethal dose of 120 to 250 mg which corresponds to approximately two grams of opium.) However, the occurrence of pulmonary edema is uncommon. The most frequently-reported occurrences of opiate-induced pulmonary edema are among recreational heroin users. Although uncommon, reports of morphine-induced pulmonary edema are not unheard of. The primary difference is the more careful supervision of morphine administration compared to the lack of supervision and medical expertise among illicit heroin users. On the other hand, morphine may also be used in the treatment of pulmonary edema. Despite morphine's being the most medically-significant alkaloid, larger quantities of the milder codeine—most of it manufactured from morphine—are consumed medically, as codeine has a greater and more predictable oral bioavailability than morphine, making it easier to titrate one's dose.
Morphine addiction cure advertisement in the year 1900
The expression of the morphine content of opium as a percentage depends in part on the moisture content. When the government purchases the opium, as soon as practicable after it is collected, the moisture content is then usually about 30%. Commercial opium usually has around 10% to 15% moisture. Opium dried at ordinary temperatures still retains considerable moisture—usually about six percent—which can be driven off at about 103 degrees Celsius.
The quantity of morphine produced by poppy plants in the form of opium depends on two factors: the percentage of morphine in the opium, and the quantity of opium produced. The latter factor, in turn, depends in part on whether each capsule is bled several times, or just once. In Turkey, Bulgaria, Greece, and the Balkans, each capsule is bled only once, but, in most other opium-producing countries, like Iran, India and Afghanistan, the capsules are incised repeatedly, often four or five times on different days, until they will yield no more latex. The quantity of latex falls off rapidly with later incisions, and so does the morphine content. Usually, all the opium obtained is mixed together. This is probably the chief reason for the often lower morphine content of Iranian and Indian opiums as compared with Turkish and Balkan opiums, although it must also be recognized that there are low-yielding and high-yielding strains of the poppy, one or the other of which may predominate in a given region.
Samples of opium assaying some 15% morphine from Japan, Indochina, and Afghanistan, as well as from Turkey, Greece, and the Balkans have been examined by the United Nations Secretariat. Afghanistan at one time exported two grades of opium, one of about 15% morphine and the other about 10%. The morphine content of dry capsule-chaff is about 0.25% to 0.5%, when not washed out by rain. Here again there are low-yielding and high-yielding varieties, but proper agricultural selection of poppies for morphine production means taking into account not only the percentage yield of morphine, but also the total weight of capsule-chaff produced per hectare, the poppy seed production per hectare, and other factors.
Most of the licit morphine is used to manufacture codeine through O-methylation. Morphine is also used to manufacture other drugs, such as heroin, dihydromorphine, hydromorphone, and many others. Of these, the conversion of morphine to heroin is particularly noteworthy due to heroin's unusual pharmacological properties. The acetylation of morphine's two hydroxyl groups results in a different drug in chemical structure, but nearly identical with regard to pharmacological properties, the principal difference being lipid solubility. This increase in lipid solubility allows heroin to enter the brain more rapidly than morphine. As heroin is not pharmacologically active it must first be metabolized. The active metabolites of heroin are morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine and 3-monoacetylmorphine.
Codeine
The codeine content of opium is related inversely to the morphine content, but only in a general way. Codeine yield is closely related to the type of opium produced in a given district or even in some cases in an entire country. The opiums of the principal exporting countries have approximately the following percentages of codeine: Balkans 1.25%; Turkey 1.25%; Iran 3.4%; India 3.0%.
The highest percentages of codeine obtained by the United Nations Secretariat (averaging about 4.3%) were found in opium samples that came from north-eastern Asia (Korea, northern China).
The manufacturers’ statistics do not ordinarily show all the codeine obtained from opium. Some of it co-precipitates with the morphine, and there is no necessity of purifying the morphine completely of its codeine content, especially if it is to be used to manufacture more codeine.
Codeine is used to manufacture dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone, and others. It may also be used to manufacture the drugs ordinarily made by conversion of thebaine.
Thebaine and papaverine
The United Nations Secretariat is currently engaged in a survey, the most extensive ever attempted in this field, of opium samples from different regions for their thebaine and papaverine percentages. As yet, it is premature for general conclusions. However, the highest thebaine percentages found (nearly 5%) were in some samples from Indochina, which at the same time had virtually no papaverine. Both thebaine and papaverine have been high in most Iranian samples run. Papaverine is low in some Afghan and Indian opiums.
Thebaine is the most poisonous opium alkaloid and is not used for medical purposes. It is even omitted from some of the preparations of mixed opium alkaloids that are used as soluble substitutes for opium. However, it is converted into several other narcotics that have medical use: hydrocodone, acetyldihydrocodeine, oxycodone, and the highly-potent and powerful narcotic oxymorphone, are all used medically to control pain and for other effects on the central nervous system. Buprenorphine is also synthesized from it, and is most typically used medically to treat opioid withdrawal.
Papaverine, conversely, is very useful medically for its antispasmodic effects, so much so that supplies available from opium have sometimes run short. It is then manufactured synthetically.
>>1 Remember that thread from a few weeks ago, when I proclaimed /praque/ to be dead?
I gave up right after you posted that. Even some imageboards are better now.
>>6 OMGLOLZ UR TEH CANCER TAHT IS KILLAN PROG LOL I MEAN PRAGUE IN SPOILER BCUZ ISZ SO KEWL GUISE I LUV U UR SO FUNNAY LOL WERE EXPERT PROGRAMMER AMIRITE? XD
What have you done to save /prog/? Have you posted something so much important and interesting to have the right to say ``you killed /prog/''? I don't think so. It's not my fault, it's not even your fault, it's everyone's fault, we kept getting trolled by those retards, we keep getting trolled, and we even started having internal conflicts instead of just ignoring them. Now it's too late to ignore them. Eventually they'll leave and we'll have actual discussions again, but we'll also have lost another 90% of good posters.
Get something done, before you loudmouth like a faggot.
But maybe it would be wise to consider these options:
1. stop spamming threads with SICP
2. stop spamming threads with SICP
3. if rule #1 didn't work, try rule #2
4. once rule #1 + #2 are successfully applied, try to post ontopic threads
5. scheme and lisp are fine, but don't start a retarded holy war just because some prefer C++ (or any other language for that matter)
6. Yes, Haskell and Java are also languages although shitty ones
7. We really don't need yet another fibonacci algorithm. The five billion we already have will be just fine
8. stop telling people to go back to someplace else. Don't forget that /prog/ is still on 4chan, you stupid faggots
9. /g/ is about technology, /prog/ about programming, therefore /g/ is offtopic on /prog/, and any faggot who tells some other faggot to back to /g/ is a doublefaggot
8. No, /prog/ is not better than /b/, never was, never will be, and the reason is because /prog/ is a 4chan board, so get over it
9. Ontopic threads are better than offtopic threads
10. sage your threads only when you think it's necessary, not because some faggot tells you "it's considered polite here" - that's bullshit, and clearly only a faggot would sage a fine thread
So there you have a perfectly working prototype of the ten holy commandments for /prog/
Name:
Anonymous2011-02-26 6:58
>>12 scheme and lisp are fine, but don't start a retarded holy war just because some prefer C++ (or any other language for that matter)
Those, who prefer C++/Haskell/Java, arent humans, because humans realise that Lisp the most powerful language, so why use other langs, if you're human? So, they arent humans.
Name:
Anonymous2011-02-26 7:03
>>13
And dont tell me about this "conformism" of yours. If you see conformist, kill conformist. Make him fuckin' dead!
Greetings, fellow /prog/rammers and gentlemen from the other boards.
I say /prog/ isn't dead or anything. It's just a 4chan board. 4chan boards are bound to be plagued with faggotry every now and then. The faggotry eventually goes away on its own, eventually to have another faggotry wave when the 14-year-olds rediscover it, that is.
I say just let it go. That means:
1. Stop making meta-threads. Stop creating threads telling /prog/ that it's dead, alive, have AIDS or whatever. Just suck it up.
2. Real /prog/rammers, I conjure you to ignore the 14-year-olds altogether. For starters, this means do not respond to threads like this altogether. And do not respond to off-topic posts in normal threads.
3. 14-year-olds, what you're doing is futile. You're just wasting your life posting anonymous messages nowhere. If you like the other boards better, why don't you go back there and enjoy them? 4chan has many topics, not just programming. I won't name the other boards I visit lest I get fests of faggot and shit; since the average maturity level among the 14-year-olds is that of a 14-year-old.
TL;DR SUCK IT UP AND MOVE ON. NOTHING IS DEAD, AND NOTHING WILL EVER BE DEAD. THIS IS 4CHAN. LIVE WITH IT.
- download http://pastebin.com/raw.php?i=quMYBNi2
- save as prog.user.js
- edit your shit() post filter
- open in chromium
- surf to /prog/, be amazed
- manually hide all off topic threads
- start an insightful thread
- problem solved