>>21
Scheme is a stripped down Lisp with lexical scoping. It still shares a lot of features with older Lisps. However, it was the origin of lexical scoping and the way closures work, and this influenced future languages (and Lisps such as Common Lisp). Sussman implemented the Actor model, but then realized it was mostly equivalent to function/closure passing.
Smalltalk's creator did not learn a Lisp before inventing it, although he later realized that his language mirrored some concepts that Lisps had. It's also believed that if he encountered Lisps before inventing Smalltalk, he might have taken a different path, or not invent it altogether, because it might have been "just good enough" for his needs. If you want details on this, I suggest you read the interview in "Coders at work".