There's more proof the American Civil War happened than the Holocaust. There's more proof the Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage 2000 years ago happened than the Holocaust.
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Anonymous2007-09-29 18:16 ID:YxBbCI/W
>>8
ok then if thats the case, you should have no problem proving to me that the civil war happened, right?
so go on.....
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Anonymous2007-09-30 12:50 ID:e3mcklJW
Most Jews living in the United States in the years preceding the Civil War came from Western Europe, perhaps the bulk of them from Germany. They brought with them a rich heritage in religion, art, folklore, and food. For the first time in their long history, the Jews found themselves in a land where they were not required to live in separate sections of the city (known as ghettos in Europe), or be forced to wear distinctive clothing to mark them as different. They were treated on an equal footing with their fellow immigrants and were some of the first white settlers to arrive in the New World. They founded synagogues for their worship, filling them with the rich religious treasures so carefully brought from their homelands; they built schools, or their children attended local schools and academies as any other children did.
Some of the oldest synagogues in North America were founded in the South, in coastal cities such as Alexandria, Virginia, and Charleston, South Carolina. Whether farmers, businessmen, politicians, or religious leaders, the Jews were determined not to lose the heritage they had maintained over so many difficult centuries. During the Civil War, Jewish men fought in both the armies of the North and of the South, and the women and children they left behind raised money, tended the sick and wounded, and worked for the relief of widows and orphans on both sides.
Perhaps the most prominent Jewish-American in the Civil War period was Judah R. Benjamin. Born on the island of St. Croix while his parents were attempting to get through a British blockade to emigrate to New Orleans in August 1811, Benjamin was a U.S. senator from Louisiana at the beginning of the Civil War; he had the interesting honor of having almost duelled then-Senator Jefferson Davis, later President of the Confederacy, owing to some argument between them. Benjamin believed in the legality of slavery, which led Senator Wade of Ohio to comment that Benjamin was a "Hebrew with Egyptian principles." Upon Louisiana's secession, Benjamin and his fellow senator (who had also been his law partner) James Slidell withdrew from the U.S. Senate on February 4, 186 1. Benjamin was named the first attorney general of the provisional government of the Confederate States, and by late summer he had replaced the Secretary of War, Leroy Walker. Accused of incompetence, Benjamin resigned in anger-and was immediately given the post of Secretary of State, which he held until the collapse of his government in 1865. Known as the "Brains of the Confederacy," Benjamin's tireless intellect led him to absorb the duties left undone by other sections of the administration; Jefferson Davis relied on him heavily.
One of the darkest tales of Jews during the Civil War bespeaks the prejudice this religious and ethnic group has historically faced. On December 17, 1862, General Ulysses S. Grant issued an order from his headquarters in Holly Springs, Mississippi, ordering all Jews out of the area over which he had command. Known as General Order No. 11, it read, in part as follows:
The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders, are hereby expelled from the department within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order.
Ordered by General Henry Halleck and President Abraham Lincoln to rescind the order on January 4, 1863, Grant immediately obeyed; but no apologies were forthcoming, and in any case would not have been accepted. Grant was attempting to expel from the area a group of illegal speculators who were trying to take advantage of his soldiers, and he chose to target the local Jews as the cause of that speculation. No Jews were actually sent away, but it was an embarrassing and humiliating moment the Jewish community never forgot, a stain upon their freedom and equality in the New World.
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Anonymous2007-09-30 12:55 ID:e3mcklJW
In 1862, in the heat of the Civil War, General Ulysses S. Grant initiated one of the most blatant official episodes of anti-Semitism in 19th-century American history. In December of that year, Grant issued his infamous General Order No. 11, which expelled all Jews from Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi:
The Jews, as a class violating every regulation of trade established by the Treasury Department and also department orders, are hereby expelled from the department [the "Department of the Tennessee," an administrative district of the Union Army of occupation composed of Kentucky, Tennessee and Mississippi] within twenty-four hours from the receipt of this order.
Post commanders will see to it that all of this class of people be furnished passes and required to leave, and any one returning after such notification will be arrested and held in confinement until an opportunity occurs of sending them out as prisoners, unless furnished with permit from headquarters. No passes will be given these people to visit headquarters for the purpose of making personal application of trade permits.
The immediate cause of the expulsion was the raging black market in Southern cotton. Although enemies in war, the North and South remained dependent on each other economically. Northern textile mills needed Southern cotton. The Union Army itself used Southern cotton in its tents and uniforms. Although the Union military command preferred an outright ban on trade, President Lincoln decided to allow limited trade in Southern cotton.
To control that trade, Lincoln insisted it be licensed by the Treasury Department and the army. As commander of the Department of the Tennessee, Grant was charged with issuing trade licenses in his area. As cotton prices soared in the North, unlicensed traders bribed Union officers to allow them to buy Southern cotton without a permit. As one exasperated correspondent told the Secretary of War, “Every colonel, captain or quartermaster is in a secret partnership with some operator in cotton; every soldier dreams of adding a bale of cotton to his monthly pay.”
In the fall of 1862, Grant's headquarters were besieged by merchants seeking trade permits. When Grant's own father appeared one day seeking trade licenses for a group of Cincinnati merchants, some of whom were Jews, Grant's frustration overflowed.
A handful of the illegal traders were Jews, although the great majority were not. In the emotional climate of the war zone, ancient prejudices flourished. The terms “Jew,” “profiteer,” “speculator” and “trader” were employed interchangeably. Union commanding General Henry W. Halleck linked “traitors and Jew peddlers.” Grant shared Halleck's mentality, describing “the Israelites” as “an intolerable nuisance.”
In November 1862, convinced that the black market in cotton was organized “mostly by Jews and other unprincipled traders,” Grant ordered that “no Jews are to be permitted to travel on the railroad southward [into the Department of the Tennessee] from any point,” nor were they to be granted trade licenses. When illegal trading continued, Grant issued Order No. 11 on December 17, 1862.
Subordinates enforced the order at once in the area surrounding Grant's headquarters in Holly Springs, Mississippi. Some Jewish traders had to trudge 40 miles on foot to evacuate the area. In Paducah, Kentucky, military officials gave the town's 30 Jewish families—all long-term residents, none of them speculators and at least two of them Union Army veterans—24 hours to leave.
A group of Paducah's Jewish merchants, led by Cesar Kaskel, dispatched an indignant telegram to President Lincoln, condemning Grant's order as an “enormous outrage on all laws and humanity, ... the grossest violation of the Constitution and our rights as good citizens under it.” Jewish leaders organized protest rallies in St. Louis, Louisville and Cincinnati, and telegrams reached the White House from the Jewish communities of Chicago, New York and Philadelphia.
Cesar Kaskel arrived in Washington on Jan. 3, 1863, two days after the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect. There he conferred with influential Jewish Republican Adolphus Solomons, then went with a Cincinnati congressman, John A. Gurley, directly to the White House. Lincoln received them promptly and studied Kaskel's copies of General Order No. 11 and the specific order expelling Kaskel from Paducah. The President told Halleck to have Grant revoke General Order No. 11, which he did in the following message:
A paper purporting to be General Orders, No. 11, issued by you December 17, has been presented here. By its terms, it expells (sic) all Jews from your department. If such an order has been issued, it will be immediately revoked.