a) cis(x) + cis(-x) = cos x + isin x + cos(-x) + isin(-x) = cos x +isin x + cos x - isin x = 2cos x
similarly,
b)cis(x) - cis(-x) = cos x + isin x - (cos(-x) + isin(-x)) = cos x + isin x - (cos x - isin x) = (2i)sin x, implying sin(x) = (1/2i) * (cis(x)-cis(-x))