>>30
In Unix terminology, the kernel
is the operating system. Whether it's
sh or
chess, these are application programs bundled with the OS. There used to be some name for an operating system with additional user programs, but I forget what it was. UNIX resellers used to use it when they shipped UNIX plus a few of their own programs.
This is all independent of GNU and Microsoft and other groups who have chosen to use the term ``operating system'' differently. Read
The Design of the UNIX Operating System by Maurice J. Bach which explains the structure of UNIX very well.