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01E7A7N15678

Name: 01A73 2012-03-21 5:37

W312T1E7 16H3R7E710D5

Name: Anonymous 2012-03-21 5:43

NO EXPECTATIONS

Name: Anonymous 2012-03-22 11:02

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Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 7:16


A set Y is at least as big as a set X if there is an injective (one-to-one) mapping from the elements of X to the elements of Y. A one-to-one mapping identifies each element of the set X with a unique element of the set Y. This is most easily understood by an example; suppose we have the sets X = {1,2,3} and Y = {a,b,c,d}, then using this notion of size we would observe that there is a mapping:

    1 → a

    2 → b

    3 → c

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 7:31



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Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 8:01


For example, the set of integers is countably infinite, while the infinite set of real numbers is uncountable.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 8:47


Cosmologists have long sought to discover whether infinity exists in our physical universe: Are there an infinite number of stars? Does the universe have infinite volume? Does space "go on forever"? This is an open question of cosmology. Note that the question of being infinite is logically separate from the question of having boundaries.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 8:55



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Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 9:33


The systems of New Foundations NFU (allowing urelements) and NF (lacking them) are not based on a cumulative hierarchy. NF and NFU include a "set of everything," relative to which every set has a complement. In these systems urelements matter, because NF, but not NFU, produces sets for which the axiom of choice does not hold.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 10:17


Morse–Kelley set theory admits proper classes as basic objects, like NBG, but also allows quantification over all proper classes in its set existence axioms. This causes MK to be strictly stronger than both NBG and ZF.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 10:20



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Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 11:02


The pieces in this decomposition, constructed using the axiom of choice, are non-measurable sets.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 11:46



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Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 12:30


Cardinality is defined in terms of bijective functions. Two sets have the same cardinality if and only if there is a bijection between them. In the case of finite sets, this agrees with the intuitive notion of size. In the case of infinite sets, the behavior is more complex. A fundamental theorem due to Georg Cantor shows that it is possible for infinite sets to have different cardinalities, and in particular the cardinality of the set of real numbers is greater than the cardinality of the set of natural numbers. It is also possible for a proper subset of an infinite set to have the same cardinality as the original set, something that cannot happen with proper subsets of finite sets.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 13:15


(1 ≤ ν and κ ≤ μ) → (νκ ≤ ν[sup]μ) and

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 14:00


In physics, approximations of real numbers are used for continuous measurements and natural numbers are used for discrete measurements (i.e. counting).

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 14:46


There are many technical advantages to this restriction, and little generality is lost, because essentially all mathematical concepts can be modeled by pure sets. Sets in the von Neumann universe are organized into a cumulative hierarchy, based on how deeply their members, members of members, etc. are nested.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 15:31


Outside set theory, the word "class" is sometimes used synonymously with "set". This usage dates from a historical period where classes and sets were not distinguished as they are in modern set-theoretic terminology.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 16:16


First we might try to proceed as if X were finite. If we try to choose an element from each set, then, because X is infinite, our choice procedure will never come to an end, and consequently, we will never be able to produce a choice function for all of X. Next we might try specifying the least element from each set.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 17:01


In the product topology, the closure of a product of subsets is equal to the product of the closures.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 17:31



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Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 17:46


The observation here is that one can define a function to select from an infinite number of pairs of shoes by stating for example, to choose the left shoe. Without the axiom of choice, one cannot assert that such a function exists for pairs of socks, because left and right socks are (presumably) indistinguishable from each other.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 18:31



A (covariant) functor F from a category C to a category D, written F : C → D, consists of:



    for each object x in C, an object F(x) in D; and

    for each morphism f : x → y in C, a morphism F(f) : F(x) → F(y),

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 18:56



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Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 19:16


Isomorphism: f : X → Y is called an isomorphism if there exists a morphism g : Y → X such that f ∘ g = idY and g ∘ f = idX. If a morphism has both left-inverse and right-inverse, then the two inverses are equal, so f is an isomorphism, and g is called simply the inverse of f. Inverse morphisms, if they exist, are unique. The inverse g is also an isomorphism with inverse f. Two objects with an isomorphism between them are said to be isomorphic or equivalent.

Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 20:11



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Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 21:37



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Name: Anonymous 2013-08-31 23:02



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Name: Anonymous 2013-09-01 0:27



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Name: Anonymous 2013-09-01 1:53



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Name: Anonymous 2013-09-01 3:18



わ からない事は上白沢先生に相談しよう
きっと答えてくれないが気休めにはなるぞ!

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